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Earth Day '70: What It Meant, by Gaylord Nelson
[EPA Journal - April 1980]
Ten years ago this month, the environmental issue came
of age in American political life. When April 22, 1970, dawned, literally
millions of Americans of all ages and from all walks of life participated in
Earth Day celebrations from coast to coast. It was on that day that Americans made it clear that
they understood and were deeply concerned over the deterioration of our
environment and the mindless dissipation of our resources. That day left a
permanent impact on the politics of America. It forcibly thrust the issue of
environmental quality and resources conservation into the political dialogue of
the Nation. That was the important objective and achievement of Earth Day. It
showed the political and opinion leadership of the country that the people
cared, that they were ready for political action, that the politicians had
better get ready, too. In short, Earth Day launched the Environmental decade
with a bang. Now, ten years later, it has become popular in some
circles to write the obituary of the environmental movement, to refer to the
passing of the "golden era" for environmentalism. It is asserted that public
interest has waned, that new worries have captured attention, that inflation,
the energy crisis, and international conflict have superseded if not wiped out
public concern over environmentalism. Those who write that view are uninformed and far
removed from the environmental scene or the politics surrounding it. In fact,
the politics of environmentalism are so pervasive, from the grass roots to the
national capital, that it is hard to believe even the most casual observer could
miss it. To anyone who has paid attention, it is clear that the environmental
movement now is far stronger, far better led, far better informed, and far more
influential than it was ten years ago. Its strength grows each year because
public knowledge and understanding grow each year. How Did Earth Day 1970 Change the Nation?
My primary objective in planning Earth Day was to show
the political leadership of the Nation that there was broad and deep support for
the environmental movement. While I was confident that a nationwide peaceful
demonstration of concern would be impressive, I was not quite prepared for the
overwhelming response that occurred on that day. Two thousand colleges and
universities, ten thousand high schools and grade schools, and several thousand
communities in all, more than twenty million Americans participated in one of
the most exciting and significant grassroots efforts in the history of this
country. Earth Day 1970 made it clear that we could summon the
public support, the energy, and commitment to save our environment. And while
the struggle is far from over, we have made substantial progress. In the ten
years since 1970 much of the basic legislation needed to protect the environment
has been enacted into law: the Clean Air Act, the Water Quality Improvement Act,
the Water Pollution and Control Act Amendments, the Resource Recovery Act, the
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, the Toxic Substances Control Act, the
Occupational Safety and Health Act, the Federal Environmental Pesticide Control
Act, the Endangered Species Act, the Safe Drinking Water Act, the Federal Land
Policy and Management Act, and the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act.
And, the most important piece of environmental legislation in our history, the
National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) was signed into law on January 1, 1970.
NEPA came about in response to the same public pressure which later produced
Earth Day. As the Council on Environmental quality's retrospective
introduction to their tenth annual report states:
In some ways, NEPA may turn out to be the most
influential of our environmental laws for it not only sets forth our basic
national goals for environmental protection, but it also tells us that
essential to achieving them is foresight.
There have been other accomplishments. Today, almost
every State has one or more agencies charged with protecting its environment and
natural resources. Nearly 150 universities and colleges have programs for
environmental education. As of Dec. 30, 1979, the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency had made grants of $24.9 billion for municipal wastewater treatment
projects. Firms making equipment used to clean up air and water pollution had
sales of $1.8 billion in 1977 and are growing about twice as fast as the rest of
U.S. industry. It ought to be remembered that there are huge costs
involved in the maintenance of the status quo, even though they do not show up
on corporate balance sheets. A recent study conducted for the Environmental
Protection Agency estimates that air pollution alone results in deaths costing
the Nation $5 billion to $16 billion a year and disease costing about $36
billion a year. Efforts to clean up air, land, and water have yielded all of us
inestimable benefits and will continue to do so. The National Wildlife
Federation sums up the importance of the first environmental decade:
The Environmental Revolution has altered our physical
surroundings. Beyond that, it has worked remarkable changes in government,
law, politics and economics. It has reshaped many people's philosophy of life
and scale of values. In very practical terms, the Environmental Revolution is
lengthening lives and lessening human misery by reducing the poisons in our
air, water, and soil. Perhaps most importantly of all in a way not too many
people have noted, the Environmental Revolution has revitalized the democratic
process.
What has happened to the Great Lakes is an excellent
illustration of what has been accomplished in the first decade of national
concern for the environment. In 1970, scientists told us that Lake Erie was dying
and that the other Great Lakes were threatened by pollution from the steel
plants, oil refineries, paper mills, and city sewage plants which for the
previous one hundred years had befouled the world's largest fresh water system. By 1980, the lakes had won a stay of execution, thanks
to an international effort. In two Great Lakes Water Quality Agreements, the
first in 1972 and the second in 1978, the U.S. and Canada solemnly agreed to
begin the arduous process of cleansing the lakes. And that process has begun.
Federal legislation, notably the Clean Water Act, has provided us with the means
to assess and abate new threats to the Great Lakes ecosystem. The result is that substantial progress has been made
in controlling pollution entering the lakes from industrial and municipal point
sources. Phosphorus levels, which once threatened the lakes with death by
eutrophication, are beginning to decline. DDT is leaving the Great Lakes food
chain faster than expected. However, as we approach a resolution of these old
problems, new ones are identified to take their places. Within the realm of
toxic contaminants, we have had to shift our focus from DDT to PCBs. Our main
pollution control and abatement concern has become urban runoff and atmospheric
fallout, as the existing environmental laws have progressively reduced emissions
from point sources. The lesson of the Great Lakes in the 1970s is this in
less than 200 years, in less time than America has been a Nation, a brief moment
in terms of man's life on this planet, significant adverse changes in the Lakes'
water quality have occurred. The responsibility for these changes rests solely
with man. In the 1970s, a sufficiently large and dispersed group of people
recognized the fragility and finite nature of the Earth's ecosystem, understood
that "everything is connected to everything else," and accepted the
responsibility not only to set straight the mistakes of the past but to avoid
repeating them in the future. So long as the human species inhabits the Earth, proper
management of its resources will be the most fundamental issue we face. Our very
survival will depend upon whether or not we are able to preserve, protect and
defend our environment. We are not free to decide about whether or not our
environment "matters." It does matter, apart from any political exigencies. We
disregard the needs of our ecosystem at our mortal peril. That was the great lesson of Earth Day. It must never
be forgotten.
Senator Nelson (D-Wis.) proposed Earth Day
'70.
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